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1 effective process
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > effective process
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2 effective process
Математика: эффективный процесс -
3 process control
- управление технологическим процессом
- управление процессом (в информационных технологиях)
- управление процессом
- технологический контроль
- регулирование технологического процесса
- контроль технологических процессов
- контроллер (параметров) процесса
контроллер (параметров) процесса
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
контроль технологических процессов
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[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
регулирование технологического процесса
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[ http://slovarionline.ru/anglo_russkiy_slovar_neftegazovoy_promyishlennosti/]Тематики
EN
управление процессом
Функция ВС, обеспечивающая доступ к программе пользователя.
[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
EN
управление процессом (в информационных технологиях)
Деятельность по планированию и регулированию процесса, с целью eго эффективного, результативного и согласованного выполнения.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
process control
The activity of planning and regulating a process, with the objective of performing the process in an effective, efficient and consistent manner.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
EN
управление технологическим процессом
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[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
технологический контроль (process control): См. термин "внутрипроизводственный контроль".
Источник: ГОСТ Р 52249-2009: Правила производства и контроля качества лекарственных средств оригинал документа
3.6.30 управление процессом (process control): Функция поддержания процесса в рабочем состоянии в рамках данного уровня способностей и производственных возможностей.
Примечание - Определение взято из словаря [5].
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 15531-1-2008: Промышленные автоматизированные системы и интеграция. Данные по управлению промышленным производством. Часть 1. Общий обзор оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > process control
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4 effective capacity
Opsthe volume that a workstation or process can produce in a given period under normal operating conditions. Effective capacity can be influenced by the age and condition of the machine, the skills, training, and flexibility of the workforce, and the availability of raw materials. -
5 effective access
пол. эффективный доступ* (определенной группы интересов к политической власти; находится в функциональной зависимости от трех составляющих: стратегической позиции группы интересов внутри общества, внутренней характеристики данной группы и природы правительственных институтов)See: -
6 effective product development and maintenance process
Программирование: эффективный процесс разработки и поддержки продуктаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > effective product development and maintenance process
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7 effective simple-process separation factor
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > effective simple-process separation factor
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8 effective software process
Программирование: эффективный процесс разработки программного обеспеченияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > effective software process
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9 effective test process
Программирование: эффективный процесс тестированияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > effective test process
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10 The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion
пол. "Процесс управления: политические интересы и общественное мнение"* (работа Д. Б. Трумэна, написанная в 1951 г.; обосновывает концепцию доступа к политической власти; под влиянием этой работы тема политического доступа стала отдельным направлением политических исследований)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion
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11 key elements of an effective product development and maintenance process
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > key elements of an effective product development and maintenance process
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12 key elements of an effective software process
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > key elements of an effective software process
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13 key elements of an effective test process
Программирование: ключевые элементы эффективного процесса тестированияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > key elements of an effective test process
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14 effectiveness
коэффициент полезного действия
Отношение отдаваемой мощности к потребляемой активной мощности.
[ОСТ 45.55-99]
коэффициент полезного действия
КПД
Величина, характеризующая совершенство процессов превращения, преобразования или передачи энергии, являющаяся отношением полезной энергии к подведенной.
[РД 01.120.00-КТН-228-06]
коэффициент полезного действия
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[IEV number 151-15-25]EN
efficiency
ratio of output power to input power of a device
NOTE – If the output power and/or input power is electric, active power is meant.
[IEV number 151-15-25]FR
rendement, m
rapport de la puissance de sortie à la puissance d'entrée d’un dispositif
NOTE – Lorsque la puissance d’entrée ou de sortie est électrique, il s’agit de puissance active.
[IEV number 151-15-25]Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
- coefficient of efficiency
- coefficient of performance
- degree of efficiency
- effectiveness
- efficiency
- efficiency coefficient
- efficiency factor
- efficiency output
- performance
- performance factor
DE
FR
- rendement, m
результативность
Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]
результативность
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
Мера достижения целей процесса, услуги или деятельности. Процесс или деятельность результативны, если достигнуты поставленные цели.
См. тж. ключевой показатель эффективности.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
effectiveness
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
A measure of whether the objectives of a process, service or activity have been achieved. An effective process or activity is one that achieves its agreed objectives.
See also key performance indicator.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
EN
эффективность
Связь между достигнутым результатом и использованными ресурсами.
[ ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008]
эффективность
Свойство объекта удовлетворять требованиям к услуге с заданными количественными характеристиками [12].
Примечание
Это свойство зависит от сочетания возможностей и готовности объекта.
[12] Международный стандарт СЕI IЕС 50 (191). Глава 191. Надежность и качество услуг.
[ОСТ 45.127-99]
эффективность
Экономическая категория, характеризующая соотношение экономических, социальных и научно-технических результатов с затратами на их достижение
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]
эффективность
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
Мера целесообразности использования ресурсов для реализации процесса, услуги или деятельности. Эффективный процесс достигает своих целей с минимальными затратами времени, денег, людских и других ресурсов.
См. тж. ключевой показатель эффективности.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]
эффективность
1. Одно из наиболее общих экономических понятий, не имеющих пока, по-видимому, единого общепризнанного определения. По нашему мнению, это одна из возможных (важнейшая, но не единственная!) характеристик качества некоторой системы, в частности, — экономической: а именно, ее характеристика с точки зрения соотношения затрат и результатов функционирования системы. В зависимости от того, какие затраты и особенно — какие результаты принимаются во внимание, можно говорить об экономической, социально-экономической, социальной, экологической Э. Однако границы между этими понятиями расплывчаты и вокруг них ведутся активные дискуссии. См. Экономическая эффективность, Эффективность капитальных вложений (инвестиционных проектов), Эффективность потребления благ, Эффективность производства, Эффективность экономических решений (мероприяий), Эффективность экономического развития. 2. В экономико-математической литературе слова эффективность, эффективный используются также в составе терминов типа эффективная точка, эффективная технология, эффективная граница. Здесь рассматриваемый термин означает наибольшую степень достижения некоторой цели, выражения какого-то понятия, реализации потенциальной возможности, выполнения задачи и т.п. Например, принимается, что распределение ресурсов, порождаемое экономикой совершенной конкуренции, является эффективным по Парето. 3. То же, что полезность. 4. В математической статистике эффективная статистическая оценка – та, которая имеет минимальную дисперсию.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]EN
efficiency
(ITIL Continual Service Improvement)
A measure of whether the right amount of resource has been used to deliver a process, service or activity. An efficient process achieves its objectives with the minimum amount of time, money, people or other resources.
See also key performance indicator.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
3.2.14 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9000-2008: Системы менеджмента качества. Основные положения и словарь оригинал документа
2.3 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
[ИСО 9241-11:1998]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9241-210-2012: Эргономика взаимодействия человек-система. Часть 210. Человеко-ориентированное проектирование интерактивных систем оригинал документа
4.6 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
[ИСО 9241-11:1998, определение 3.2]
Примечание - Для целей метода испытаний, установленного в настоящем стандарте, результативность управления измеряют как процент пользователей, которые достигли основной цели (целей) использования изделия с необходимой точностью и полнотой. Измерения результативности управления основаны на успехе в достижении конечного результата независимо от того, достигнут он наиболее эффективным путем или нет.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 55236.2-2012: Эргономика изделий повседневного использования. Часть 2. Метод испытаний изделий с интуитивно понятным управлением оригинал документа
2.13 эффективность (effectiveness): Степень, в которой реализуются планируемые мероприятия и достигаются планируемые результаты.
[ИСО 9000:2005]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24511-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания для менеджмента коммунальных предприятий и оценке услуг удаления сточных вод оригинал документа
2.13 эффективность (effectiveness): Степень, в которой реализуются планируемые мероприятия и достигаются планируемые результаты.
[ИСО 9000:2005]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24512-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания для менеджмента систем питьевого водоснабжения и оценке услуг питьевого водоснабжения оригинал документа
3.2 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9241-11-2010: Эргономические требования к проведению офисных работ с использованием видеодисплейных терминалов (VDT). Часть 11. Руководство по обеспечению пригодности использования оригинал документа
3.2.3 результативность (effectiveness): Точность и полнота достижения запланированных целей.
[ИСО 9241-11]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 9241-4-2009: Эргономические требования к проведению офисных работ с использованием видеодисплейных терминалов (VDT). Часть 4. Требования к клавиатуре оригинал документа
2.13 эффективность (effectiveness): Степень, в которой реализуются планируемые мероприятия и достигаются планируемые результаты.
[ИСО 9000:2005]
Источник: ГОСТ Р ИСО 24510-2009: Деятельность, связанная с услугами питьевого водоснабжения и удаления сточных вод. Руководящие указания по оценке и улучшению услуги, оказываемой потребителям оригинал документа
3.2.14 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
Источник: ГОСТ ISO 9000-2011: Системы менеджмента качества. Основные положения и словарь
4.6 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
[ИСО 9241-11:1998, определение 3.2]
Примечание - Для целей метода испытаний, установленного в настоящем стандарте, результативность управления измеряют как процент пользователей, которые достигли основной цели (целей) использования изделия с необходимой точностью и полнотой. Измерения результативности управления основаны на успехе в достижении конечного результата независимо от того, достигнут он наиболее эффективным путем или нет.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 55236.3-2012: Эргономика изделий повседневного использования. Часть 3. Метод испытаний потребительских товаров оригинал документа
3.2.19 результативность (effectiveness): Степень реализации запланированной деятельности и достижения запланированных результатов.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > effectiveness
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15 cost effectiveness
эффективность затрат
Мера баланса между результативностью и затратами на услугу, процесс или деятельность. Процесс, эффективный по затратам — это такой процесс, который достигает своих целей с минимальными затратами.
[ http://www.dtln.ru/slovar-terminov]Тематики
EN
эффективность по затратам
Мера баланса между результативностью и стоимостью услуги, процесса или деятельности. Эффективный по затратам процесс – тот процесс, который достигает своих целей с наименьшими затратами.
См. тж. ключевой показатель эффективности; возврат инвестиций; соотношение цена-качество.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]EN
cost effectiveness
A measure of the balance between the effectiveness and cost of a service, process or activity. A cost- effective process is one that achieves its objectives at minimum cost. See also key performance indicator; return on investment; value for money.
[Словарь терминов ITIL версия 1.0, 29 июля 2011 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > cost effectiveness
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16 эффективный процесс
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > эффективный процесс
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17 time
время; период; продолжительность || устанавливать время; распределять время; рассчитывать по времени; согласовывать во времени; синхронизироватьtime in use — время использования; время работы (напр. инструмента)
time on machine — время пребывания ( обрабатываемой детали) на станке
- acceleration timeto cut time — сокращать время (напр. обработки)
- access time
- activation time
- active maintenance time
- active repair time
- activity time
- actual in-cut time
- addition time
- additional time
- adjustable laser ramp-up time
- administrative time
- aggregate travel time
- air-cutting time
- arcing time of pole
- assembly time
- assessed mean time to failure
- ATC time
- attended running time
- attenuation time
- auxiliary time
- available machine time
- available machining time
- available time
- average access time
- average time
- base cycle time
- batch change time
- batch lead time
- batch run time
- block execution time
- block processing time
- bounce time
- braking time to standstill
- braking time
- break time
- breakdown time
- bridging time
- build time
- build-up time
- cam idle time
- cell production time
- changeover cut-to-cut time
- changeover time
- characteristic time
- charge time
- chip-cutting time
- chip-making time
- chip-to-chip toolchange time
- clock cycle time
- closing time
- combined travel/load time
- commissioning time
- component cycle time
- component inspection time
- component time
- computed machine time
- computing time
- control flow time
- control time
- conversion time
- correction time
- corrective maintenance time
- c-percentile storageability time
- c-percentile time to failure
- cumulative cutting time
- cure time
- current fall time
- current rise time
- cut time
- cutting time
- cut-to-cut time
- cycle time
- dead cycle time
- dead time
- debugging time
- delay time
- delivery time
- depalletizing time
- derivative action time
- derricking time
- detection time
- direct manufacture time
- disengaging time
- division time
- door-to-door time
- double-stroke time
- down time
- dry-cycle time
- dwell time
- effective cutting time
- effective dead time
- empty running time
- end-of-job time
- equispaced times
- equivalent running time for wear
- eroding time
- erosion time
- estimation time
- execution time
- exposure time
- fall time
- fast response time
- finishing time
- first-off machining time
- fitting time
- fixture lead time
- floor-to-floor time
- flow time
- forward recovery time
- frame time
- full brazing time
- full operating time
- full soldering time
- gate controlled turn-off delay time
- gate controlled turn-off fall time
- gate controlled turn-off time
- grinding time
- gripper-changing time
- head-changing time
- hobbing time
- holding time
- idle time
- index time
- indexing time
- innovation time
- in-process time
- integral action time
- interarrival time
- interoperation time
- interpolation delay time
- jaw-adjusting time
- job completion time
- job finish time
- laser interaction time
- laser shutter opening time
- laser weld tempering time
- laser-beam dwell time
- laser-beam interaction time
- lead time
- learning time
- loading time
- machine down time
- machine repair time
- machine run time
- machine slack time
- machine wait time
- machine-setting time
- machine-setup time
- machining floor-to-floor time
- machining time
- machining-cycle time
- maintenance down time
- maintenance time
- make time
- manual machining time
- manufacturing cycle time
- manufacturing lead time
- material to end product lead time
- maximum resetting time
- mean time between failures
- mean time to failure
- mean time to repair
- measuring run time
- metal-to-metal time
- minimum accelerating time
- minimum braking time
- move time
- moving time
- multiplication time
- NC machining time
- NC program debug time
- no-failure operating time
- noncut time
- noncutting time
- nonmachining time
- nonproductive machine time
- nonrequired time
- numerical processing time
- observed mean time to failure
- off-machine process time
- off-shift machine down time
- off-shift slack time
- opening time
- operate time
- operating spindle time
- operating time
- operation cycle time
- operation time
- operator's attention time
- operator's reaction time
- operator's time
- optimized contact time
- out-of-cut machine time
- out-of-cut time
- output cycle time
- overall cycle time
- overall lead time
- pallet change time
- pallet processing time
- pallet shuttle time
- parasitic time
- part turnaround time
- partial operating time
- part-waiting time
- payback time
- periodic time
- pickup time
- piece sequence time
- piece time
- planned loading time
- planning lead time
- planning time
- predicted mean time to failure
- preparatory time
- preset operating time before corrective adjustment
- preset operating time
- preset time
- probing time
- process response time
- process time
- processing time
- product development lead time
- product flow time
- product lead time
- production lead time
- production time per piece
- production time per unit
- production time
- productive time
- profiling time
- programming time
- prorated time
- protective power time
- pulse decay time
- pulse response time
- pulse rise time
- pulse time
- queue time
- queueing time
- rapid response time
- reading time
- readout time
- real time
- rechucking time
- recognition time
- recovery time
- release time
- releasing time
- remaining life time
- repair/down cost time
- required time
- reset time
- residence time of materials
- response time
- restoration time
- return time
- reverse recovery current fall time
- reverse recovery current rise time
- reverse recovery time
- rise time
- robot down time
- roughing time
- run time
- running time
- running-in time
- safety lead time
- sampling time
- scan time
- schedule time
- scheduled time
- sensing time
- series machining time
- service time of the tool
- servicing time
- servo update time
- setter time
- setting time
- settling time
- setup time
- ship time
- slack time
- soaking time
- software execution time
- specified no-failure operating time
- specified operating time
- specified time
- spindle cutting time
- spindle run time
- stabilization time
- stand time
- standard handling time
- standard piece time
- starting time
- start-up time
- station time
- station-to-station time
- step response time
- stopping time
- storage cycle time
- storage time
- storageability time
- switching time
- switch-over time
- system time
- table-indexing time
- tape-preparation time
- tape-turnaround time
- target build time
- target time
- teach time
- throughput time
- time of starting
- tool change time
- tool exchange time
- tool index time
- tool life time
- tool-cutting time
- tool-in-cut time
- tooling-response time
- tool-setup time
- tool-to-tool changing time
- total access time
- total changeover time
- total equivalent running time for strength
- total equivalent running time for wear
- total manufacturing cycle time
- total running time
- total sequence time
- to-the-minute time
- transfer time
- transient time
- transit time
- transition time
- traveling time
- turnaround time
- turn-off time
- turn-on time
- undetected failure time
- unit cycle time
- unit production time
- unit time
- up time
- update time
- updating time
- vehicle time per hour
- vehicle-use time
- waiting time
- wakeup time
- warm-up time
- wasted time
- work-change time
- work-cycle time
- work-in-process time
- wrench time
- zero ATC timeEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > time
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18 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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19 ERP
1) Компьютерная техника: Expensive Redundant Processing2) Биология: early receptor potential4) Военный термин: Equipment Reception Party, effective radiated power, electronic requirements plan, engineer regulation point, engineering requirements plan, equipment repair parts, equipment requirements program, extended range projectile5) Техника: effective radiated power level, emitted radio power, environmental restoration program, equipment requirements plan6) Шутливое выражение: Everyday Rob People7) Химия: Event Related Potential8) Математика: Error Reduction Parameter9) Финансы: премия за риск по акциям (equity risk premium)10) Страхование: extended reporting period11) Биржевой термин: Exchange Rate Protection12) Грубое выражение: Extra Rabbits Pissed13) Сокращение: Emitter Radiated Power, Equivalent Radiated Power, Evoked Response Potential, Exciter Receiver Processor, Expanded Return Program (bulk return of dead letter mail to companies), Extended Range Proximity14) Университет: Electronic Research Process15) Физика: Event Related Potentials16) Электроника: Extended Range Pyrometer17) Вычислительная техника: Enterprise Resource Planning (software), ИСУП, Интегрированная система управления предприятием18) Транспорт: Electronic Road Pricing, Enroute Reporting Point19) Экология: Environmental Resource Permit, Exposure Response And Prevention20) Деловая лексика: Enterprise Resource Production, Enterprise Resources Planning, Essential Requirement For Productivity, European Recovery Programme, Equal Risk Point21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: emergency response plan (ning), план ликвидации аварии (emergency response plan), emergency response plan (a document that identifies the management system and associated resources that control the impact of emergencies at a particular site or facility), enterprise resource planning (the co-ordination of all internal information by use of an integrated information system), стеновая панель с аварийными окнами (explosion relief panel)22) Нефтегазовая техника взрывопоглощающая переборка23) Производство: планирование ресурсов предприятия, система планирования бизнес ресурсов24) Образование: Excellent Results Pay, Extensive Reading Program25) Сетевые технологии: error recovery procedure, estimated retail price, планирование ресурсов в масштабах предприятия, процедура восстановления после ошибок26) ЕБРР: Enterprise Restructuring Project27) Сахалин Р: emergency response plan28) Медицинская техника: effective refractory period (ЭхоКГ)29) Авиационная медицина: event related brain potential, evoked (response) potential30) Расширение файла: Enterprise Resource Planning31) Нефть и газ: Emergency Response Procedure32) Общественная организация: The Edmunds Reading Project33) Международная торговля: European Recovery Program -
20 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.————————————————————————————————————————
См. также в других словарях:
Effective microorganism — Effective Microorganisms™, also called EM Technology™, is a brand name for a series of products utilizing a base culture called EM•1® Microbial Inoculant. EM Technology™ is an as yet scientifically unconfirmed method of improving soil quality and … Wikipedia
Process control — is a statistics and engineering discipline that deals with architectures, mechanisms, and algorithms for controlling the output of a specific process. See also control theory.For example, heating up the temperature in a room is a process that has … Wikipedia
process improvement — UK US noun [U] (also business process improvement) WORKPLACE, MANAGEMENT ► the job of examining the processes used in a company, department, project, etc. to see how they can be made more effective: »The company is now building continuous process … Financial and business terms
Effective Safety Training — The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has written voluminous workplace safety standards and regulations that affect employers and employees in the United States. It is the employer s legal responsibility to educate employees on … Wikipedia
Process safety — The area of process safety focuses on preventing fires, explosions and accidental chemical releases in chemical process facilities. Process safety is distinguished from matters of worker s health and safety issues (ie. limitations on particles or … Wikipedia
Effective field theory — In physics, an effective field theory is an approximate theory (usually a quantum field theory) that includes appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring at a chosen length scale, while ignoring substructure and… … Wikipedia
Process area (CMMI) — The latest version of Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) CMMI for Development, Version 1.3 contains 22 Process Areas that describe the aspects of product development that are to be covered by organizational processes. Contents 1 Process … Wikipedia
effective date — (1) The date on which funds will be transferred electronically from or to a customer s account. (2) The date on which cash flows due under a swap contract begin to accrue. American Banker Glossary In an interest rate swap, the date the swap… … Financial and business terms
Process corners — In semiconductor manufacturing, a process corner is an example of a design of experiments (DoE) technique that refers to a variation of fabrication parameters used in applying an integrated circuit design to a semiconductor wafer. Process corners … Wikipedia
Effective Date — The date, declared by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), on which shares can start trading. This usually refers to the date when shares become available for sale in an initial public offering. The effective date occurs approximately 20… … Investment dictionary
effective date — Date at which a process is to be completed or becomes effective … Euroclear glossary
